Bhikkhu buddhaghosa biography in hindi
Upāli
For other people named Upali, see Upali (given name).
One of Gautama Buddha's main disciples, foremost in monastic discipline
Elder Upāli | |
|---|---|
Upāli, Bodh Gaya, India | |
| Known for | Expertise in monastic discipline, reviewed monastic discipline during the First Council |
| Other names | 'repository of the discipline' (Pali: Vinaye agganikkhitto; 'foremost in discipline' (Pali: Vinaya-pāmokkha) |
| Religion | Buddhism |
| School | all, but mostly discussed in Pāli Buddhism |
| Lineage | Vinayadhara |
| Initiation | Anupiyā by the Buddha |
| Teacher | The Buddha, Kappitaka |
| Period in office | Early Buddhism |
| Successor | Dāsaka |
Upāli (Sanskrit and Pāli) was a monk, one of the ten chief disciples of the Buddha and, according to early Buddhist texts, the person in charge of the reciting and reviewing of monastic discipline (Pāli and Sanskrit: vinaya) on the First Buddhist Council. Upāli belongs to the barber community. He met the Buddha when still a child, and later, when the Sakya princes received ordination, he did so as well. He was ordained before the princes, putting humility before caste. Having been ordained, Upāli learnt both Buddhist doctrine (Pali: Dhamma; Sanskrit: Dharma) and vinaya. His preceptor was Kappitaka. Upāli became known for his mastery and strictness of vinaya and was consulted often about vinaya matters. A notable case he decided was that of the monk Ajjuka, who was accused of partisanship in a conflict about real estate. During the First Council, Upāli received the important role of reciting the vinaya, for which he is mostly known.
Scholars have analyzed Upāli's role and that of other disciples in the early texts, and it has been suggested that his role in the texts was emphasized during a period of compiling that stressed monastic discipline, during which Mahākassapa (Sanskrit: Mahākāśyapa) and Upāli became the most important disciples. Later, Upāli and his pupils became known as vinayadh Indian religion "Buddhadharma" and "Buddhist" redirect here. For the magazine, see Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly. For the racehorse, see Buddhist (horse). Buddhism (BUUD-ih-zəm, BOOD-), also known as Buddha Dharma, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE. It is the world's fourth-largest religion, with over 487 million followers, known as Buddhists, who comprise seven percent of the global population. It arose in the eastern Gangetic plain as a śramaṇa movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. Buddhism has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to the West in the 20th century. According to tradition, the Buddha instructed his followers in a path of development which leads to awakening and full liberation from dukkha (lit. 'suffering or unease'). He regarded this path as a Middle Way between extremes such as asceticism or sensual indulgence. Teaching that dukkha arises alongside attachment or clinging, the Buddha advised meditation practices and ethical precepts rooted in non-harming. Widely observed teachings include the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the doctrines of dependent origination, karma, and the three marks of existence. Other commonly observed elements include the Triple Gem, the taking of monastic vows, and the cultivation of perfections (pāramitā). The Buddhist canon is vast, with many different textual collections in different languages (such as Sanskrit, Pali, Tibetan, and Chinese).Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the paths to liberation (mārga) as well as the relative importance and "canonicity" assigned to various Buddh Brahmacariya½ N±ma methunaviratisamaºadhammas±sanamagg±na½ adhivacana½. Tath± hi "abrahmacariya½ pah±ya brahmac±r² hot²"ti (D. 1.194; M. 1.292) evam±d²su methunavi rati brahmacariyanti vuccati. "Bhagavati no, ±vuso, brahmacariya½ vussat²"ti evam±d²su (M 1. 257) samaºadhammo. "Na t±v±ha½, p±pima, parinibb±yiss±mi, y±va me ida½ brahmacariya½ na iddhañceva bhavissati ph²tañca vitth±rika½ b±hujaññan"ti evam±d²su (D. 2.168; S. 5.822; U. 51) s±sana½. "Ayameva kho, bhikkhu, ariyo aµµhaªgiko maggo brahmacariya½. Seyyathida½, samm±diµµh²"ti evam±d²su (S 5.6) maggo. 8 It is pretty evident from this that Buddhaghosa takes up a polysemous word, brings out all its different meanings, quotes sentences from the Tipitaka to show their different uses and then puts his finger on the meaning that it obtains in a particular context. Like a modern compiler of good Dictionary he gives all different meanings with examples/usages. Scholars may disapprove of this method and may argue that giving all meanings of a word does not serve our purpose of understanding the text quickly. Isn't it, they 6 ibid.,32 7 (see Uº±dikoOEah 84;87,97 8 would say, like taking us round and round a jungle to show us a particular tree? But I think that it has a great value. It also speaks of the great authority that Buddhaghosa wields in bringing out the meaning. The numerous quotes that he gives from the Tipitaka prove beyond any doubt that the entire Pali Tipitaka was at his finger's tips and therefore what he says here is authentic. The second importance of this method is if we collect all the polysemous words found in his commentaries, an exhaustive and authoritative Pali Dictionary can be compiled. Another characteristic of his commentary is the collection of variants. The text abounds in 'iti pi p±µho '. 9 This proves that he took meticulous care of consulting a number of texts or manuscripts to write com .Buddhism
Buddhaghosa--a commentator par excellence