Sankhadhar sakhwa biography of williams

Language

Main article: Nepal Bhasa

Nepal Bhasa, also known as Newar, belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family and is predominantly spoken by Newars in Nepal's Katmandu Valley. Newars are bound together by a common language and culture. Their common language is Nepal Bhasa or the linguistic progenitor of that language. Nepal Bhasa is the term recognised by the government.

Nepal Bhasa already existed as a spoken language during the Licchavi period and is believed to have developed from the language spoken in Nepal during the Kirati period. Inscriptions in Nepal Bhasa emerged from the 12th century, the palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Bahah being the first example. Nepal Bhasa developed from the 14th to the late 18th centuries as the court and state language. It was used universally in stone and copper inscriptions, sacred manuscripts, official documents, journals, title deeds, correspondence and creative writing.

In 2011, there were approximately 846,000 native speakers of Nepal Bhasa. Many Newar communities within Nepal also speak their own dialects of Nepal Bhasa, such as the Dolakha Newar Language.

Literature

Main article: Nepal Bhasa literature

Newar Bhasa is one of the five languages in the Sino-Tibetan family with an ancient literary tradition. Literature in Newar Bhasa began as translation and commentary in prose in the 14th century AD. The earliest known document in Newar Bhasa is called "The Palmleaf from Uku Bahal" which dates from 1114 AD during the Thakuri period.

Classical Newar Bhasa literature is represented by all the three major forms—prose, poetry, and drama. Most of the writings consist of prose including chronicles, popular stories and scientific manuals. Poetry consists of love songs, ballads, work songs, and religious poetry. The earliest poems date from the 1570s. Epic poetry describing historical events and tragedies are very popular. The ba

Suman Raj Subedi

A financial system is an economic arrangement wherein financial institutions facilitate the transfer
of funds and assets between borrowers, lenders, and investors. Its goal is to efficiently distribute
economic resources to promote economic growth and generate a return on investment (ROI) for
market participants. A financial system is a set of institutions, such as banks, insurance companies,
and stock exchanges, that permit the exchange of funds. The financial system of Nepal is largely
dominated by the banking system. When we go through the history of Nepal, we can witness the
gradual development of financial system in Nepal across time. Ancient Nepal used to be the center
for trade with Tibet, it means Nepal had a practice of limited banking functions from the very
beginning of Lichchhibi dynasty but not in an institutional way. It has written that then king
Gunakamadev had taken loan to rebuild the Kathmandu once and Sankha Dhar Sakhwa, a
philanthropist, had paid off the loans of poor people of Kathmandu and this special day is still being
remembered as the beginning of Newa Sambat. These are the historical facts evidencing the
existence of limited banking practices in ancient Nepal. Even though, start of the institutional
banking could be found in the year 1933 BS only as Tejarath Adda was established by Ranodeep
Singh, the next Rana prime minister after Janga Bahadur Rana. Tejarath Adda used to lend funds
against gold and silver to then landlord, government employees etc and deposit to this entity used
to come from the Government. This entity used to conduct limited banking functions but it was
beyond the reach of general public. The first milestone in the history of institutionalized modern
banking in Nepal had been achieved in the year 1994 BS only at the establishment of Nepal Bank
Limited. Nepal Bank Limited was the first commercial bank establish

Native ethnic group of Nepal

"Newar" redirects here. For other uses, see Newar (disambiguation).

Ethnic group

Newar (;Newar: नेवार, endonym: Newa; Newar: नेवा, Pracalit script: 𑐣𑐾𑐰𑐵𑑅‎), or Nepami, are primarily inhabitants in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal and its surrounding areas, and the creators of its historic heritage and civilisation. Newars are a distinct linguistic and cultural group, primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities, who share a common language, Nepal Bhasa, and predominantly practice Newar Hinduism and Newar Buddhism. Newars have developed a division of labour and a sophisticated urban civilisation not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills. Newars have continued their age-old traditions and practices and pride themselves as the true custodians of the religion, culture and civilisation of Nepal. Newars are known for their contributions to culture, art and literature, trade, agriculture and cuisine. Today, they consistently rank as the most economically and socially advanced community in Nepal, according to the annual Human Development Index published by UNDP. Newars are ranked the 8th largest ethnic group in Nepal according to the 2021 Nepal census numbering 1,341,363 people constituting 4.6% of the total population.

The Kathmandu Valley and surrounding territories constituted the former Newar kingdom of the Nepal Mandala. Unlike other common-origin ethnic or caste groups in Nepal, the Newars are regarded as an example of a nation community with a relict identity, derived from an ethnically diverse, previously existing polity. The Newar community within it consists of various strands of ethnic, racial, caste and religious heterogeneity, as they are the descendants of the diverse group