Barry briggs autobiography of malcolm x

Malcolm X (May 19, 1925 - February 21, 1965) was an African American nationalist leader and Muslim minister who sought to broaden the civil rights struggle in the United States into an international human rights issue. After publicly breaking with the Nation of Islam (NOI) in 1964, he founded the Muslim Mosque Incorporated (MMI) and the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). Malcolm X was assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City on February 21, 1965, leaving behind his widow, Betty Shabazz, and six daughters. He remains one of the most influential leaders and thinkers of the civil rights and Black Nationalist movements.

Below is a chronology of Malcolm X's life as it pertains to this collection. For a more comprehensive chronology of his life, see the Malcolm X collection: papers, Sc Micro R-6270, and the Malcolm X manuscripts collection, Sc MG 951.

• 1925 May 19Malcolm X is born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, to Reverend Earl and Louise Little.
• 1947Joins the Nation of Islam (NOI) while serving an eight to ten year prison sentence in Massachusetts. During this period, he begins using the surname "X."
• 1954Becomes minister of Muhammad's Temple of Islam in Harlem, building the NOI into a mass organization over the next several years. A November 10 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) report notes that "Subject is single and travels a lot" between Chicago, Detroit, Washington, DC, and Philadelphia.
• 1959Travels to the Middle East and Africa for the first time in July in order to lay the groundwork for Elijah Muhammad's Middle East tour later that year. He returns within months, ultimately visiting nations including Egypt, Ghana, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan over the course of the year.
• 1959 July 13-17Television documentary The Hate That Hate Produced airs, propelling the NOI into the national spotlight.
• 1962Participates in debates and panel discussio

At the outset, it is impossible to deny the vital role that the volume A Lie of Reinvention: Correcting Manning Marrable’s Malcolm X(2012, Black Classics Press), edited by Drs. Jared Ball and Todd Steven Burroughs, played in the formation of this article.

In 2011, Manning Marable, a legendary Marxian African American Studies scholar at Columbia University with longstanding allegiances to social democratic projects such as Michael Harrington’s Democratic Socialists of America and the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism, died after a long struggle with a degenerative pulmonary condition. Three days after his passing, Viking Books, an imprint of the publishing conglomerate Penguin Random House, issued the hardcover edition of his long-awaited biography Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention, a title that went on to earn numerous accolades and the Pulitzer Prize. This volume has now gone on to be adapted into a documentary on Netflix, Who Killed Malcolm X?

At the preliminary step, we need to be clear that there is a physical human being that existed named El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz who was murdered in February 1965 by a COINTEL-PRO operation via proxies that had been incubated from within the Nation of Islam, a matter documented by the Church Committee in 1975-76 and the COINTEL-PRO primary source documents.

Then there is a popular culture representation of this human being, a projection lacking corporeal realization, named Malcolm X. This projection has been created and deployed multiple times in the past 60+ years to serve the political whims of a number of media-generating enterprises, dating back to when the press first presented Malcolm X as a firebrand “reverse racist.” As James Baldwin, whose intimate relationship with the El-Shabazz family vaporizes claims of Malcolm’s unbending homophobia, said in his 1972 memoir No Name in the Street, this proj